Governing Beneficiary Data: Constitutional Responsibility and Populism in Indonesia’s Free Nutritious Meal Program
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66277/jldc.v1i2.127Abstract
Indonesia’s Free Nutritious Meal Program (Makan Bergizi Gratis, MBG), one of the world’s largest school-meal schemes, depends on beneficiary data held by several ministries and disclosed through online portals. This article argues that the governance of these data determines whether the state’s constitutional responsibility under Articles 28H and 34 of the 1945 Constitution is fulfilled or slides into constitutional populism. Using normative legal research with statute, conceptual, and case approaches, complemented by socio-legal document analysis, the study traces the beneficiary data lifecycle of collection, targeting, disclosure, and evaluation and assesses it against Indonesia’s data and constitutional framework. It finds that beneficiary data remain fragmented because the program regulation refers to One Data Indonesia only in general terms and specifies neither reference data nor matching with the Single National Socio-Economic Data, weakening priority for the most vulnerable; that public disclosure tools process children’s data without the safeguards required by the Personal Data Protection Law; and that evaluation counts meals rather than rights outcomes. These weaknesses are compounded by a legal basis limited to presidential instruments and by financing that Constitutional Court Decision No. 40/PUU-XXIV/2026 found incompatible with mandatory education spending beyond 2026. The article proposes the concept of data-driven constitutional responsibility and recommends a statute for MBG that regulates beneficiary data, integration with national single-data systems, data protection impact assessments, and public outcome dashboards.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Pujangga Candrawijayaning Fajri, Tarquam McKenna, Herwinda Larasati, Intan Nur Aeni, Angie Angel Lina
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